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Experimental Physiology © 2019 The Physiological Society. Circulating monocytes may influence downstream polarization of lesional macrophages, and these measures of monocyte and macrophage subtypes hold potential as biomarkers in CAD.Ĭell-based biomarkers coronary artery disease macrophage monocyte. On multivariable linear regression, CAD severity was associated, along with age and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, with CD16 + monocytes (directly) and M2 macrophages (inversely). An inverse relationship between paired CD16 + monocytes and M2 macrophages marked CAD severity. CD16 + (both intermediate and non-classical) monocytes were elevated in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease compared with those without significant CAD (P < 0.05), whereas regulatory M2 macrophages (CD206 + ) were decreased in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease (P < 0.001). At baseline, patients with a greater CAD burden were older, with higher rates of statin, β-blocker and antiplatelet drug use, whereas other characteristics were similar across the spectrum of coronary disease. Mononuclear cells were measured for the monocyte markers CD14 and CD16 by flow cytometry, and separate monocytes were cultured into macrophages over 7 days and measured for the polarization markers CD86 and CD206. Peripheral blood was collected from 40 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and patients were categorized as having no significant CAD, single vessel disease or multivessel disease according to the number of affected coronary arteries. We tested whether patients' monocyte subtypes paired with their derived macrophage profiles were correlated with extent of CAD. Monocytes and macrophages are central to atherosclerosis, but how they combine to mark progression of human coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. This study highlights the importance, and potential prognostic implications, of circulating monocyte and descendant macrophage phenotypes in coronary artery disease. Therefore, P-cadherin can be considered as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of melanoma.What is the central question of this study? Are circulating monocyte markers correlated with their derived macrophage polarization patterns and coronary artery disease severity? What is the main finding and its importance? There was an inverse relationship between circulating CD16 + monocytes (high) and M2 macrophages (low) that marked coronary disease severity, and the differences in polarization of macrophages were seen despite a week of cell culture ex vivo. P-cadherin reduces melanoma growth and invasion, prolongs the survival of mice intracardially injected, and induces a state of decreased responsiveness to myofibroblast-derived growth factors. Coinjection with myofibroblasts resulted in increased tumor growth in BLM LIE (3896 mm³ ± 64 vs. 51.1 ± 1.8 days) of mice in our model to mimic micrometastatic spread.
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329 mm³ ± 71) and invasion, and prolongs overall survival (34.1 ± 0.84 vs. In-vivo experiments point out that P-cadherin reduces xenograft growth (1621 mm³ ± 107 vs. In-vitro assays were used to further investigate the influence, and identify the target receptors of growth factors secreted by myofibroblasts in melanoma cells. Tumor volumes and survival of mice were assessed and analyzed. Swiss nu/nu mice were subcutaneously injected with control (BLM LIE) and P-cadherin overexpressing (BLM P-cad) melanoma cells alone and in combination with myofibroblasts, and intracardially injected with BLM LIE and BLM P-cad cells. We wanted to assess the effects of P-cadherin overexpression in BLM melanoma cells with regard to xenograft growth, invasion, and survival of mice in our model to mimic micrometastatic spread. The role of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in melanoma has been widely studied however, the function of P-cadherin remains to be elucidated. The prognostic discrepancy between localized melanoma and metastatic disease demands a better understanding of melanoma progression.